| भारत गणराज्य*
Republic of India
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|
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Motto
"Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
सत्यमेव जयते (Devanagari)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1] |
Anthem
Jana Gana Mana
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people[2]
|
National Song[3]
Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother[4] |
|
|
| Capital |
New Delhi |
| Largest city |
Mumbai |
Official Languages:
Scheduled Languages: |
Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the union [5] and English the 'subsidiary official language'. [6]
|
| Demonym |
Indian |
| Government |
Federal republic
Parliamentary democracy[8] |
| - |
President |
Pratibha Patil |
| - |
Prime Minister |
Manmohan Singh |
| Independence |
from British colonial rule |
| - |
Declared |
15 August 1947 |
| - |
Republic |
26 January 1950 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
3,287,590‡ km² (7th)
1,269,346 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
9.56 |
| Population |
| - |
2007 estimate |
1.12 billion[8] (2nd) |
| - |
2001 census |
1,027,015,248 |
| - |
Density |
329/km² (31st)
852/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2006 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$ 4.156 trillion[8] (4th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$ 3,737 (118th) |
| GDP (nominal) |
2007 estimate |
| - |
Total |
1.0 trillion (12th) |
| - |
Per capita |
820 (132th) |
| Gini? (1999-2000) |
32.5[9] (medium) |
| HDI (2006) |
 0.611 (medium) (126th) |
| Currency |
Indian Rupee (₨) (INR) |
| Time zone |
IST (UTC+5:30) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
not observed (UTC+5:30) |
| Internet TLD |
.in[8] |
| Calling code |
+91 |
Non-numbered Footnotes:
* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi, written in the Devanagari script. See also other official names
‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 square kilometers.[10]
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India (Hindi: भारत Bhārat; see also other names), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world.[11] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi).[12] It borders Pakistan to the west;[13] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia.
Home to the Indus Valley civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[14] Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Islam, Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's variegated culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation-state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread use of nonviolent resistance as a means of social protest.
Although India is the world's fourth largest economy in purchasing power and the twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates, it suffers from high levels of poverty and illiteracy, persistent malnutrition, and environmental degradation. A pluralistic, multi-lingual, and multi-ethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
Etymology
-
- Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, , <http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198731139>.
- Kulke, Hermann & Dietmar Rothermund (2004), A History of India, 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448, , <http://www.amazon.com/History-India-Hermann-Kulke/dp/0415329205/>.
- Metcalf, Barbara & Thomas R. Metcalf (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, , <http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Modern-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521682258/>.
- Spear, Percival (1990), A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, , <http://www.amazon.com/History-India-Vol-2/dp/0140138366/ref=pd_ybh_a_6/104-7029728-9591925>.
- Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432, , <http://www.amazon.com/History-India-World/dp/0631205462/ref=pd_ybh_a_7/104-7029728-9591925>.
- Thapar, Romila (1990), A History of India, Volume 1, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 384, , <http://www.amazon.com/History-India-Penguin/dp/0140138358/>.
- Wolpert, Stanley (2003), A New History of India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 544, , <http://www.amazon.com/New-History-India-Stanley-Wolpert/dp/0195166787/>.
- Geography
- Ali, Jason R. & Jonathan C. Aitchison (2005), "Greater India", Earth-Science Reviews 72 (3-4): 169-188, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005>.
- Chang, Jen-Hu (1967), "The Indian Summer Monsoon", Geographical Review 57 (3): 373-396, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7428%28196707%2957%3A3%3C373%3ATISM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23>
- Dikshit, K. R. & Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2007), "India: The Land", Encyclopædia Britannica Online.: 1-29, <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46395>
- Government of India (2007), India Yearbook 2007, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, .
- Kumar, V. Sanil; K. C. Pathak & P. Pednekar et al. (2006), "Coastal processes along the Indian coastline", Current Science 91 (4): 530-536, <http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf>
- Posey, CA (1994), The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather, Reader's Digest Association, .
- Prakash, B.; Sudhir Kumar & M. Someshwar Rao et al. (2000), "Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains", Current Science 79 (4): 438-449, <http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf>
- Flora and fauna
- Ali, Salim & S. Dillon Ripley (1995), A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. Pp. 183, 106 colour plates by John Henry Dick,
- Blatter, E. & Walter S. Millard (1997), Some Beautiful Indian Trees, Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. Pp. xvii, 165, 30 colour plates,
- Israel, Samuel & Toby Sinclair (editors) (2001), Indian Wildlife, Discovery Channel and APA Publications.,
- Prater, S. H. (1971), The book of Indian Animals, Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. Pp. xxiii, 324, 28 colour plates by Paul Barruel., .
- Rangarajan, Mahesh (editor) (1999), Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife: Volume 1, Hunting and Shooting, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xi, 439,
- Rangarajan, Mahesh (editor) (1999), Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife: Volume 2, Watching and Conserving, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xi, 303,
- Tritsch, Mark F. (2001), Wildlife of India, London: Harper Collins Publishers. Pp. 192,
- Culture
- Dissanayake, Wimal K. & Moti Gokulsing (2004), Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change, Trentham Books, Pp. 161, ., <http://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq>
- Johnson, W. J. (translator and editor) (1998), The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics). Pp. 192, ., <http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192823618>
- Kalidasa & W. J. Johnson (editor) (2001), The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press (Oxford World's Classics). Pp. 192, ., <http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192839114>
- Karanth, K. Shivarama (1997), Yakṣagāna, (Forward by H. Y. Sharada Prasad). Abhinav Publications. Pp. 252, .
- Kiple, Kenneth F. & Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè, eds. (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
- Lal, Ananda (1998), Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 600, , <http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Indian-Theatre/dp/0195644468/>
- MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004), A History Of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing, .
- Majumdar, Boria & Bandyopadhyay, Kausik (2006), A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score, Routledge,
- Massey, Reginald (2006), India's Dances, Abhinav Publications,
- Rajadhyaksha, Ashish & Paul Willemen (editors) (1999), Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, 2nd revised editon, University of California Press and British Film Institute, Pp. 652, ., <http://www.ucpress.edu/books/bfi/pages/PROD0008.html>
- Vilanilam, John V. (2005), Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective, Sage Publications,
- Zvelebil, Kamil V. (1992), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, Brill Academic Publishers,
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